Clinical Guidelines

Is COPD Set to Affect 600M Globally?

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    Global burden of COPD anticipated to affect nearly 600 million patients by

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    COPD's financial toll: Costs of respiratory diseases in the European Union approximately €38.6 billion annually.

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    Proportion of cases in low-income regions caused by nonsmoking factors like biomass exposure and occupational inhalants is around 50%.

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    Introduction of new phenotypes—Pre-COPD and PRISm (Preserved Ratio Impaired Spirometry).

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    Two new therapies, ensifentrine and dupilumab, included in GOLD 2025 recommendations for treating COPD.

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    Central role of spirometry in COPD diagnosis and updated lower limit of normal (LLN) values.

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    Recommendations for cardiovascular risk assessments, imaging, and vaccinations in COPD management and prevention.

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